Land surveyors are professionals whose job relates to surveying land to demarcate boundaries for various structures and infrastructure. These structures and infrastructure include roads, railways, public facilities, factory structures, and private homes among others. Surveyors are usually charged with many responsibilities, which mean that they must be properly trained and licensed in order to dispense their duties to the public. Each country has requirements that surveyor must meet in order for them to practice. This is worth knowing about Missouri Boundary Survey.
The discipline of surveying is an old one. It has existed for a very long period. There is a lot of evidence existing that proves the field has been practiced by early societies like the Roman and Greek Empires. Although it was practiced on an elementary level in the past, it has been made better by the lots of improvements that have been done. Nowadays, the equipment and methods in this field are very refined.
Several different instruments are in use in the field of surveying around the world. Some of the most commonly used instruments are measuring tape, 3D scanners, theodolite, rod, total station, and GPS/GNSS. Most of these instruments are screwed onto a tripod so that they can be used effectively. For short distances, tape measures are usually used.
Theodolites are used to measure angles in surveying. Protractors, alidades, and two separate circles are used to measure vertical and horizontal angles of planes. A telescope is usually used to vertically align the object that is targeted. Trunnions are usually used to mount telescopes. The angle that the telescope makes against the vertical line is measured by the vertical circle. The line made is known as the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special kind of theodolite. This instrument makes use of a gyroscope so that it can orient itself. This is usually necessary in cases where reference marks do not exist. The use of gyrotheodolite is in underground applications. Theodolites have been developed further into total stations. Total stations are basically theodolites only that they are developed with an electronic distance measurement device.
A total station can be used for leveling when set to a horizontal plane. Total stations were optical-mechanical devices during their initial introduction. Better technology and more development have occurred allowing total stations to become fully electronic today. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed by modern total stations to return light pulses applied in measurement of distances. Advanced total stations are fully robotic. They are able to e-mail data to remote computers.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is a lot of variance in the way survey uses GPS and how other equipment and methods use GPS. Static GPS in surveying uses two receivers positioned in an area for a significant period of time. For the receivers to compare measurements as satellite orbit, the receivers must remain in position for a long period.
The discipline of surveying is an old one. It has existed for a very long period. There is a lot of evidence existing that proves the field has been practiced by early societies like the Roman and Greek Empires. Although it was practiced on an elementary level in the past, it has been made better by the lots of improvements that have been done. Nowadays, the equipment and methods in this field are very refined.
Several different instruments are in use in the field of surveying around the world. Some of the most commonly used instruments are measuring tape, 3D scanners, theodolite, rod, total station, and GPS/GNSS. Most of these instruments are screwed onto a tripod so that they can be used effectively. For short distances, tape measures are usually used.
Theodolites are used to measure angles in surveying. Protractors, alidades, and two separate circles are used to measure vertical and horizontal angles of planes. A telescope is usually used to vertically align the object that is targeted. Trunnions are usually used to mount telescopes. The angle that the telescope makes against the vertical line is measured by the vertical circle. The line made is known as the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special kind of theodolite. This instrument makes use of a gyroscope so that it can orient itself. This is usually necessary in cases where reference marks do not exist. The use of gyrotheodolite is in underground applications. Theodolites have been developed further into total stations. Total stations are basically theodolites only that they are developed with an electronic distance measurement device.
A total station can be used for leveling when set to a horizontal plane. Total stations were optical-mechanical devices during their initial introduction. Better technology and more development have occurred allowing total stations to become fully electronic today. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed by modern total stations to return light pulses applied in measurement of distances. Advanced total stations are fully robotic. They are able to e-mail data to remote computers.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is a lot of variance in the way survey uses GPS and how other equipment and methods use GPS. Static GPS in surveying uses two receivers positioned in an area for a significant period of time. For the receivers to compare measurements as satellite orbit, the receivers must remain in position for a long period.
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